Latest Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer Study Guides 2024 – With Test Engine PDF [Q104-Q120]

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Latest Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer Study Guides 2024 – With Test Engine PDF

Get New Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer Practice Test Questions Answers

Q104. You were asked to investigate failures of a production line component based on sensor readings. After receiving the dataset, you discover that less than 1% of the readings are positive examples representing failure incidents. You have tried to train several classification models, but none of them converge. How should you resolve the class imbalance problem?

Use the class distribution to generate 10% positive examples

Use a convolutional neural network with max pooling and softmax activation

Downsample the data with upweighting to create a sample with 10% positive examples

Remove negative examples until the numbers of positive and negative examples are equal

Q105. A company wants to classify user behavior as either fraudulent or normal. Based on internal research, a Machine Learning Specialist would like to build a binary classifier based on two features: age of account and transaction month. The class distribution for these features is illustrated in the figure provided.

Based on this information, which model would have the HIGHEST accuracy?

Long short-term memory (LSTM) model with scaled exponential linear unit (SELU)

Logistic regression

Support vector machine (SVM) with non-linear kernel

Single perceptron with tanh activation function

Q106. You have a demand forecasting pipeline in production that uses Dataflow to preprocess raw data prior to model training and prediction. During preprocessing, you employ Z-score normalization on data stored in BigQuery and write it back to BigQuery. New training data is added every week. You want to make the process more efficient by minimizing computation time and manual intervention. What should you do?

Normalize the data using Google Kubernetes Engine

Translate the normalization algorithm into SQL for use with BigQuery

Use the normalizer_fn argument in TensorFlow’s Feature Column API

Normalize the data with Apache Spark using the Dataproc connector for BigQuery

Z-score normalization is a technique that transforms the values of a numeric variable into standardized units, such that the mean is zero and the standard deviation is one. Z-score normalization can help to compare variables with different scales and ranges, and to reduce the effect of outliers and skewness. The formula for z-score normalization is:
z = (x – mu) / sigma
where x is the original value, mu is the mean of the variable, and sigma is the standard deviation of the variable.
Dataflow is a service that allows you to create and run data processing pipelines on Google Cloud. You can use Dataflow to preprocess raw data prior to model training and prediction, such as applying z-score normalization on data stored in BigQuery. However, using Dataflow for this task may not be the most efficient option, as it involves reading and writing data from and to BigQuery, which can be time-consuming and costly. Moreover, using Dataflow requires manual intervention to update the pipeline whenever new training data is added.
A more efficient way to perform z-score normalization on data stored in BigQuery is to translate the normalization algorithm into SQL and use it with BigQuery. BigQuery is a service that allows you to analyze large-scale and complex data using SQL queries. You can use BigQuery to perform z-score normalization on your data using SQL functions such as AVG(), STDDEV_POP(), and OVER(). For example, the following SQL query can normalize the values of a column called temperature in a table called weather:
SELECT (temperature – AVG(temperature) OVER ()) / STDDEV_POP(temperature) OVER () AS normalized_temperature FROM weather; By using SQL to perform z-score normalization on BigQuery, you can make the process more efficient by minimizing computation time and manual intervention. You can also leverage the scalability and performance of BigQuery to handle large and complex datasets. Therefore, translating the normalization algorithm into SQL for use with BigQuery is the best option for this use case.

Q107. You are training a deep learning model for semantic image segmentation with reduced training time. While using a Deep Learning VM Image, you receive the following error: The resource
‘projects/deeplearning-platforn/zones/europe-west4-c/acceleratorTypes/nvidia-tesla-k80’ was not found. What should you do?

Ensure that you have GPU quota in the selected region.

Ensure that the required GPU is available in the selected region.

Ensure that you have preemptible GPU quota in the selected region.

Ensure that the selected GPU has enough GPU memory for the workload.

Q108. You work for a bank and are building a random forest model for fraud detection. You have a dataset that includes transactions, of which 1% are identified as fraudulent. Which data transformation strategy would likely improve the performance of your classifier?

Write your data in TFRecords.

Z-normalize all the numeric features.

Oversample the fraudulent transaction 10 times.

Use one-hot encoding on all categorical features.

Q109. You created an ML pipeline with multiple input parameters. You want to investigate the tradeoffs between different parameter combinations. The parameter options are
* input dataset
* Max tree depth of the boosted tree regressor
* Optimizer learning rate
You need to compare the pipeline performance of the different parameter combinations measured in F1 score, time to train and model complexity. You want your approach to be reproducible and track all pipeline runs on the same platform. What should you do?

1 Use BigQueryML to create a boosted tree regressor and use the hyperparameter tuning capability
2 Configure the hyperparameter syntax to select different input datasets. max tree depths, and optimizer teaming rates Choose the grid search option

1 Create a Vertex Al pipeline with a custom model training job as part of the pipeline Configure the pipeline’s parameters to include those you are investigating
2 In the custom training step, use the Bayesian optimization method with F1 score as the target to maximize

1 Create a Vertex Al Workbench notebook for each of the different input datasets
2 In each notebook, run different local training jobs with different combinations of the max tree depth and optimizer learning rate parameters
3 After each notebook finishes, append the results to a BigQuery table

1 Create an experiment in Vertex Al Experiments
2. Create a Vertex Al pipeline with a custom model training job as part of the pipeline. Configure the pipelines parameters to include those you are investigating
3. Submit multiple runs to the same experiment using different values for the parameters

The best option for investigating the tradeoffs between different parameter combinations is to create an experiment in Vertex AI Experiments, create a Vertex AI pipeline with a custom model training job as part of the pipeline, configure the pipeline’s parameters to include those you are investigating, and submit multiple runs to the same experiment using different values for the parameters. This option allows you to leverage the power and flexibility of Google Cloud to compare the pipeline performance of the different parameter combinations measured in F1 score, time to train, and model complexity. Vertex AI Experiments is a service that can track and compare the results of multiple machine learning runs. Vertex AI Experiments can record the metrics, parameters, and artifacts of each run, and display them in a dashboard for easy visualization and analysis. Vertex AI Experiments can also help users optimize the hyperparameters of their models by using different search algorithms, such as grid search, random search, or Bayesian optimization1. Vertex AI Pipelines is a service that can orchestrate machine learning workflows using Vertex AI. Vertex AI Pipelines can run preprocessing and training steps on custom Docker images, and evaluate, deploy, and monitor the machine learning model. A custom model training job is a type of pipeline step that can train a custom model by using a user-provided script or container. A custom model training job can accept pipeline parameters as inputs, which can be used to control the training logic or data source. By creating an experiment in Vertex AI Experiments, creating a Vertex AI pipeline with a custom model training job as part of the pipeline, configuring the pipeline’s parameters to include those you are investigating, and submitting multiple runs to the same experiment using different values for the parameters, you can create a reproducible and trackable approach to investigate the tradeoffs between different parameter combinations.
The other options are not as good as option D, for the following reasons:
* Option A: Using BigQuery ML to create a boosted tree regressor and use the hyperparameter tuning capability, configuring the hyperparameter syntax to select different input datasets, max tree depths, and optimizer learning rates, and choosing the grid search option would not be able to handle different input datasets as a hyperparameter, and would not be as flexible and scalable as using Vertex AI Experiments and Vertex AI Pipelines. BigQuery ML is a service that can create and train machine learning models by
* using SQL queries on BigQuery. BigQuery ML can perform hyperparameter tuning by using the ML.FORECAST or ML.PREDICT functions, and specifying the hyperparameters option. BigQuery ML can also use different search algorithms, such as grid search, random search, or Bayesian optimization, to find the optimal hyperparameters. However, BigQuery ML can only tune the hyperparameters that are related to the model architecture or training process, such as max tree depth or learning rate. BigQuery ML cannot tune the hyperparameters that are related to the data source, such as input dataset. Moreover, BigQuery ML is not designed to work with Vertex AI Experiments or Vertex AI Pipelines, which can provide more features and flexibility for tracking and orchestrating machine learning workflows2.
* Option B: Creating a Vertex AI pipeline with a custom model training job as part of the pipeline, configuring the pipeline’s parameters to include those you are investigating, and using the Bayesian optimization method with F1 score as the target to maximize in the custom training step would not be able to track and compare the results of multiple runs, and would require more skills and steps than using Vertex AI Experiments and Vertex AI Pipelines. Vertex AI Pipelines is a service that can orchestrate machine learning workflows using Vertex AI. Vertex AI Pipelines can run preprocessing and training steps on custom Docker images, and evaluate, deploy, and monitor the machine learning model.
A custom model training job is a type of pipeline step that can train a custom model by using a user-provided script or container. A custom model training job can accept pipeline parameters as inputs, which can be used to control the training logic or data source. However, using the Bayesian optimization method with F1 score as the target to maximize in the custom training step would require writing code, implementing the optimization algorithm, and defining the objective function. Moreover, this option would not be able to track and compare the results of multiple runs, as Vertex AI Pipelines does not have a built-in feature for recording and displaying the metrics, parameters, and artifacts of each run3.
* Option C: Creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook for each of the different input datasets, running different local training jobs with different combinations of the max tree depth and optimizer learning rate parameters, and appending the results to a BigQuery table would not be able to track and compare the results of multiple runs on the same platform, and would require more skills and steps than using Vertex AI Experiments and Vertex AI Pipelines. Vertex AI Workbench is a service that provides an integrated development environment for data science and machine learning. Vertex AI Workbench allows users to create and run Jupyter notebooks on Google Cloud, and access various tools and libraries for data analysis and machine learning. However, creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook for each of the different input datasets, running different local training jobs with different combinations of the max tree depth and optimizer learning rate parameters, and appending the results to a BigQuery table would require creating multiple notebooks, writing code, setting up local environments, connecting to BigQuery, loading and preprocessing the data, training and evaluating the model, and writing the results to a BigQuery table. Moreover, this option would not be ableto track and compare the results of multiple runs on the same platform, as BigQuery is a separate service from Vertex AI Workbench, and does not have a dashboard for visualizing and analyzing the metrics, parameters, and artifacts of each run4.
References:
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 3: Production ML Systems, Week 3: MLOps
* Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 1: Architecting low-code ML solutions, 1.1 Developing ML models by using BigQuery ML
* Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 3: Data Engineering for ML, Section 3.2: BigQuery for ML
* Vertex AI Experiments
* Vertex AI Pipelines
* BigQuery ML
* Vertex AI Workbench

Q110. You work for a company that captures live video footage of checkout areas in their retail stores You need to use the live video footage to build a mode! to detect the number of customers waiting for service in near real time You want to implement a solution quickly and with minimal effort How should you build the model?

Use the Vertex Al Vision Occupancy Analytics model.

Use the Vertex Al Vision Person/vehicle detector model

Train an AutoML object detection model on an annotated dataset by using Vertex AutoML

Train a Seq2Seq+ object detection model on an annotated dataset by using Vertex AutoML

Q111. You need to design a customized deep neural network in Keras that will predict customer purchases based on their purchase history. You want to explore model performance using multiple model architectures, store training data, and be able to compare the evaluation metrics in the same dashboard. What should you do?

Create multiple models using AutoML Tables

Automate multiple training runs using Cloud Composer

Run multiple training jobs on Al Platform with similar job names

Create an experiment in Kubeflow Pipelines to organize multiple runs

Q112. You are experimenting with a built-in distributed XGBoost model in Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebooks. You use BigQuery to split your data into training and validation sets using the following queries:
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE ‘myproject.mydataset.training’ AS
(SELECT * FROM ‘myproject.mydataset.mytable’ WHERE RAND() <= 0.8);
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE ‘myproject.mydataset.validation’ AS
(SELECT * FROM ‘myproject.mydataset.mytable’ WHERE RAND() <= 0.2);
After training the model, you achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC) value of 0.8, but after deploying the model to production, you notice that your model performance has dropped to an AUC ROC value of 0.65. What problem is most likely occurring?

There is training-serving skew in your production environment.

There is not a sufficient amount of training data.

The tables that you created to hold your training and validation records share some records, and you may not be using all the data in your initial table.

The RAND() function generated a number that is less than 0.2 in both instances, so every record in the validation table will also be in the training table.

Q113. You work for a public transportation company and need to build a model to estimate delay times for multiple transportation routes. Predictions are served directly to users in an app in real time. Because different seasons and population increases impact the data relevance, you will retrain the model every month. You want to follow Google-recommended best practices. How should you configure the end-to-end architecture of the predictive model?

Configure Kubeflow Pipelines to schedule your multi-step workflow from training to deploying your model.

Use a model trained and deployed on BigQuery ML and trigger retraining with the scheduled query feature in BigQuery

Write a Cloud Functions script that launches a training and deploying job on Ai Platform that is triggered by Cloud Scheduler

Use Cloud Composer to programmatically schedule a Dataflow job that executes the workflow from training to deploying your model

Q114. You have created a Vertex Al pipeline that includes two steps. The first step preprocesses 10 TB data completes in about 1 hour, and saves the result in a Cloud Storage bucket The second step uses the processed data to train a model You need to update the model’s code to allow you to test different algorithms You want to reduce pipeline execution time and cost, while also minimizing pipeline changes What should you do?

Add a pipeline parameter and an additional pipeline step Depending on the parameter value the pipeline step conducts or skips data preprocessing and starts model training.

Create another pipeline without the preprocessing step, and hardcode the preprocessed Cloud Storage file location for model training.

Configure a machine with more CPU and RAM from the compute-optimized machine family for the data preprocessing step.

Enable caching for the pipeline job. and disable caching for the model training step.

Q115. You were asked to investigate failures of a production line component based on sensor readings. After receiving the dataset, you discover that less than 1% of the readings are positive examples representing failure incidents. You have tried to train several classification models, but none of them converge. How should you resolve the class imbalance problem?

Use the class distribution to generate 10% positive examples

Use a convolutional neural network with max pooling and softmax activation

Downsample the data with upweighting to create a sample with 10% positive examples

Remove negative examples until the numbers of positive and negative examples are equal

Q116. You are working on a Neural Network-based project. The dataset provided to you has columns with different ranges. While preparing the data for model training, you discover that gradient optimization is having difficulty moving weights to a good solution. What should you do?

Use feature construction to combine the strongest features.

Use the representation transformation (normalization) technique.

Improve the data cleaning step by removing features with missing values.

Change the partitioning step to reduce the dimension of the test set and have a larger training set.

Q117. Your organization wants to make its internal shuttle service route more efficient. The shuttles currently stop at all pick-up points across the city every 30 minutes between 7 am and 10 am. The development team has already built an application on Google Kubernetes Engine that requires users to confirm their presence and shuttle station one day in advance. What approach should you take?

1. Build a tree-based regression model that predicts how many passengers will be picked up at each shuttle station.
2. Dispatch an appropriately sized shuttle and provide the map with the required stops based on the prediction.

1. Build a tree-based classification model that predicts whether the shuttle should pick up passengers at each shuttle station.
2. Dispatch an available shuttle and provide the map with the required stops based on the prediction

1. Define the optimal route as the shortest route that passes by all shuttle stations with confirmed attendance at the given time under capacity constraints.
2 Dispatch an appropriately sized shuttle and indicate the required stops on the map

1. Build a reinforcement learning model with tree-based classification models that predict the presence of passengers at shuttle stops as agents and a reward function around a distance-based metric
2. Dispatch an appropriately sized shuttle and provide the map with the required stops based on the simulated outcome.

Q118. You developed a custom model by using Vertex Al to predict your application’s user churn rate You are using Vertex Al Model Monitoring for skew detection The training data stored in BigQuery contains two sets of features – demographic and behavioral You later discover that two separate models trained on each set perform better than the original model You need to configure a new model mentioning pipeline that splits traffic among the two models You want to use the same prediction-sampling-rate and monitoring-frequency for each model You also want to minimize management effort What should you do?

Keep the training dataset as is Deploy the models to two separate endpoints and submit two Vertex Al Model Monitoring jobs with appropriately selected feature-thresholds parameters

Keep the training dataset as is Deploy both models to the same endpoint and submit a Vertex Al Model Monitoring job with a monitoring-config-from parameter that accounts for the model IDs and feature selections

Separate the training dataset into two tables based on demographic and behavioral features Deploy the models to two separate endpoints, and submit two Vertex Al Model Monitoring jobs

Separate the training dataset into two tables based on demographic and behavioral features. Deploy both models to the same endpoint and submit a Vertex Al Model Monitoring job with a monitoring-config-from parameter that accounts for the model IDs and training datasets

Q119. You are using Keras and TensorFlow to develop a fraud detection model Records of customer transactions are stored in a large table in BigQuery. You need to preprocess these records in a cost-effective and efficient way before you use them to train the model. The trained model will be used to perform batch inference in BigQuery. How should you implement the preprocessing workflow?

Implement a preprocessing pipeline by using Apache Spark, and run the pipeline on Dataproc Save the preprocessed data as CSV files in a Cloud Storage bucket.

Load the data into a pandas DataFrame Implement the preprocessing steps using panda’s transformations. and train the model directly on the DataFrame.

Perform preprocessing in BigQuery by using SQL Use the BigQueryClient in TensorFlow to read the data directly from BigQuery.

Implement a preprocessing pipeline by using Apache Beam, and run the pipeline on Dataflow Save the preprocessed data as CSV files in a Cloud Storage bucket.

Q120. You work for a bank with strict data governance requirements. You recently implemented a custom model to detect fraudulent transactions You want your training code to download internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your projects network You need the data to be accessed in the most secure way, while mitigating the risk of data exfiltration. What should you do?

Enable VPC Service Controls for peering’s, and add Vertex Al to a service perimeter

Create a Cloud Run endpoint as a proxy to the data Use Identity and Access Management (1AM) authentication to secure access to the endpoint from the training job.

Configure VPC Peering with Vertex Al and specify the network of the training job

Download the data to a Cloud Storage bucket before calling the training job

The best option for accessing internal data in the most secure way, while mitigating the risk of data exfiltration, is to enable VPC Service Controls for peerings, and add Vertex AI to a service perimeter. This option allows you to leverage the power and simplicity of VPC Service Controls to isolate and protect your data and services on Google Cloud. VPC Service Controls is a service that can create a secure perimeter around your Google Cloud resources, such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and Vertex AI. VPC Service Controls can help you prevent unauthorized access and data exfiltration from your perimeter, and enforce fine-grained access policies based on context and identity. Peerings are connections that can allow traffic to flow between different networks. Peerings can help you connect your Google Cloud network with other Google Cloud networks or external networks, and enable communication between your resources and services. By enabling VPC Service Controls for peerings, you can allow your training code to download internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your project’s network, and restrict the data transfer to only authorized networks and services. Vertex AI is a unified platform for building and deploying machine learning solutions on Google Cloud. Vertex AI can support various types of models, such as linear regression, logistic regression, k-means clustering, matrix factorization, and deep neural networks. Vertex AI can also provide various tools and services for data analysis, model development, model deployment, model monitoring, and model governance. By adding Vertex AI to a service perimeter, you can isolate and protect your Vertex AI resources, such as models, endpoints, pipelines, and feature store, and prevent data exfiltration from your perimeter1.
The other options are not as good as option A, for the following reasons:
* Option B: Creating a Cloud Run endpoint as a proxy to the data, and using Identity and Access Management (IAM) authentication to secure access to the endpoint from the training job would require more skills and steps than enabling VPC Service Controls for peerings, and adding Vertex AI to a service perimeter. Cloud Run is a service that can run your stateless containers on a fully managed environment or on your own Google Kubernetes Engine cluster. Cloud Run can help you deploy and scale your containerized applications quickly and easily, and pay only for the resources you use. A Cloud Run endpoint is a URL that can expose your containerized application to the internet or to other Google Cloud services. A Cloud Run endpoint can help you access and invoke your application from anywhere, and handle the load balancing and traffic routing. A proxy is a server that can act as an intermediary between a client and a target server. A proxy can help you modify, filter, or redirect the requests and responses between the client and the target server, and provide additional functionality or security. IAM is a service that can manage access control for Google Cloud resources. IAM can help you define who (identity) has what access (role) to which resource, and enforce the access policies. By creating a Cloud Run endpoint as a proxy to the data, and using IAM authentication to secure access to the endpoint from the training job, you can access internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your project’s network, and restrict the data access to only authorized identities and roles. However, creating a Cloud Run endpoint as a proxy to the data, and using IAM authentication to secure access to the endpoint from the training job would require more skills and steps than enabling VPC Service Controls for peerings, and adding Vertex AI to a service perimeter. You would need to write code, create and configure the Cloud Run endpoint, implement the proxy logic, deploy and monitor the Cloud Run endpoint, and set up the IAM policies. Moreover, this option would not prevent data exfiltration from your network, as the Cloud Run endpoint can be accessed from outside your network2.
* Option C: Configuring VPC Peering with Vertex AI and specifying the network of the training job would not allow you to access internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your project’s network,
* and could cause errors or poor performance. VPC Peering is a service that can create a peering connection between two VPC networks. VPC Peering can help you connect your Google Cloud network with another Google Cloud network or an external network, and enable communication between your resources and services. By configuring VPC Peering with Vertex AI and specifying the network of the training job, you can allow your training code to access Vertex AI resources, such as models, endpoints, pipelines, and feature store, and use the same network for the training job. However, configuring VPC Peering with Vertex AI and specifying the network of the training job would not allow you to access internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your project’s network, and could cause errors or poor performance. You would need to write code, create and configure the VPC Peering connection, and specify the network of the training job. Moreover, this option would not isolate and protect your data and services on Google Cloud, as the VPC Peering connection can expose your network to other networks and services3.
* Option D: Downloading the data to a Cloud Storage bucket before calling the training job would not allow you to access internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your project’s network, and could increase the complexity and cost of the data access. Cloud Storage is a service that can store and manage your data on Google Cloud. Cloud Storage can help you upload and organize your data, and track the data versions and metadata. A Cloud Storage bucket is a container that can hold your data on Cloud Storage. A Cloud Storage bucket can help you store and access your data from anywhere, and provide various storage classes and options. By downloading the data to a Cloud Storage bucket before calling the training job, you can access the data from Cloud Storage, and use it as the input for the training job.
However, downloading the data to a Cloud Storage bucket before calling the training job would not allow you to access internal data by using an API endpoint hosted in your project’s network, and could increase the complexity and cost of the data access. You would need to write code, create and configure the Cloud Storage bucket, download the data to the Cloud Storage bucket, and call the training job. Moreover, this option would create an intermediate data source on Cloud Storage, which can increase the storage and transfer costs, and expose the data to unauthorized access or data exfiltration4.
References:
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 3: Production ML Systems, Week 1: Data Engineering
* Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 1: Framing ML problems,
1.2 Defining data needs
* Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 2: Data Engineering, Section 2.2: Defining Data Needs
* VPC Service Controls
* Cloud Run
* VPC Peering
* Cloud Storage